5/8/2023 0 Comments Graphpad prism 8 for mac![]() Despite the vast clinical knowledge on parasitic nematode infections, our understanding of the mechanisms that underlie helminths’ ability to modulate host immunity remains incomplete. Parasitic nematodes are thus very effective parasites, capable of evading and compromising the immune response of various hosts including insects and vertebrates ( 5– 7). This issue is further compounded by recurrent reinfection and emerging drug resistance. Parasitic nematodes have ravaged human populations, with over 1.5 billion people being infected by soil-transmitted helminths alone ( 4). Nematode parasitism is an important global health and agricultural issue, responsible for significant morbidity and mortality to humans, illness to livestock, and a reduction of global crop yields ( 1– 3). Collectively, our data highlighted that Sc-sPLA 2 possessed both toxic and immunosuppressive capabilities. melanogaster with the severity being both dose- and time-dependent. Sc-sPLA 2 was also found to be toxic to D. Furthermore, our data showed that Sc-sPLA 2 was able to downregulate both Toll and Imd pathway-associated antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) including drosomycin and defensin, in addition to suppressing phagocytosis in the hemolymph. We report that Sc-sPLA 2 increased mortality of Drosophila melanogaster infected with Streptococcus pneumoniae and promoted increased bacterial growth. We have recently identified a secreted phospholipase A2 (sPLA 2) released from the entomopathogenic nematode (EPN) Steinernema carpocapsae we have named Sc-sPLA 2. While ESPs have been shown to display immunosuppressive effects on various hosts, our understanding of the molecular interactions between individual proteins released and host immunity requires further study. This immunomodulatory ability is likely driven by the release of hundreds of excretory/secretory proteins (ESPs) during infection. ![]() 2Metabolomics Core Facility, IIGB, University of California, Riverside, CA, United StatesĪ key aspect of parasitic nematode infection is the nematodes’ ability to evade and/or suppress host immunity.1Department of Nematology, University of California, Riverside, CA, United States.Okakpu 1†, Pakeeza Azizpor 1, Susan Nguyen 1, Stephanie Martinez-Beltran 1, Isaiah Claudio 1, Kyle Anesko 1, Anil Bhatia 2, Harpal S.
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